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2009 Tonga undersea volcanic eruption
The 2009 Tonga undersea volcanic eruption began on March 16, 2009,〔The date the eruption began was initially uncertain. According to the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism program, "Observers flying near the area of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (about 62 km NNW of Nuku'alofa, the capital of Tonga) on 16 or 17 March reported seeing an eruption." See: (''SI/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report.'' 11 March-17 March 2009. ) The report cites Keizo Gates' Web log, dated March 16, 2009, which contains photos allegedly taken from civilian aircraft late on the afternoon of March 16. See: (Gates, Keizo. "New Tonga Eruption" Kzo.net. March 16, 2009. ) The Smithsonian subsequently confirmed that the eruption began on March 16. See: (''SI/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report.'' 18 March-24 March 2009. )〕 near the island of Hunga Tonga, approximately from the Tongan capital of Tongatapu. The volcano is in a highly active volcanic region that represents a portion of the Pacific Ring of Fire. It is estimated that there are up to 36 undersea volcanoes clustered together in the area.
==Eruption history==
The initial March 16–17 eruption sent ash and smoke up to into the atmosphere and an initial inspection reported that the volcano has breached the ocean surface.〔 Authorities suggested at that time that the eruption did not yet pose any threat to the capital's population, and an inspection team was sent out to evaluate the volcano.〔 〕〔("Tongan Inspectors Head to Undersea Volcano." ''Associatededed Press.'' March 19, 2009. )〕
Between March 18–20, a number of Surtseyan eruptions sent ash plumes as high as to into the atmosphere, with prevailing winds pushing the ash cloud about east-northeast of the eruption site and widespread and significant haze reported at Vavau away.〔(''SI/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report.'' 18 March-24 March 2009. )〕 Steam plumes on March 20 were measured at above sea level.〔 But on March 21, an eruption sent steam and ash just into the sky.〔 On March 21, Tonga's chief geologist Kelepi Mafi reported lava and ash from two vents, one on the uninhabited island Hunga Haapai and another about offshore, had filled the gap between the two vents, creating new land surface that measured hundreds of square metres.〔(Percival, Jenny. "Underwater Volcano Creates New Island Off Tonga." ) ''The Guardian.'' 21 March 2009.〕〔("'No Living Thing Left' As Tonga Volcano Erupts." ) ''Agence France Presse.'' March 20, 2009.〕 The eruption devastated Hunga Haapai, covering it in black ash and stripping it of vegetation and fauna.〔
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